Understanding Heroin

Learn About Heroin

Heroin is a powerful and illegal drug belonging to a family of drugs called opioids, which are derived from the opium poppy plant. Typically injected, snorted, or smoked, heroin produces strong feelings of euphoria and alternating drowsy and wakeful states known as being “on the nod.” Because of heroin’s powerful euphoric effects, the ease of developing a dependence, and its powerful withdrawal symptoms, people are typically unable to stop using heroin without professional help.

Thankfully, help is available. With the assistance of a comprehensive care program, it is possible for individuals who abuse heroin to free themselves from the drug’s influence and make changes to help them live healthy and drug-free lives.

Statistics

Heroin Statistics

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), approximately 2% of people will use heroin at some point in their lives. Additionally, data from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) found that, when adjusted for population increase, the rate of drug-poisoning deaths from heroin nearly quadrupled from 2000 to 2013. Data from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NS-DUH) also found that 669,000 Americans had used heroin in the past year and 335,000 individuals had used this dangerous substance in the past month.

Causes and Risk Factors

Causes and Risk Factors for Heroin Addiction

An individual’s struggle with heroin abuse generally arises out a complex mix of genetic and environmental factors, some of which can include:

Genetic: Mental health experts have found that genetics play an important role in determining a person’s risk for developing a heroin addiction. Specifically, people whose family members use heroin are more vulnerable to developing a heroin addiction at a rate nearly 80% higher than the general population, according to one study.

Environmental: While a person can inherit a genetic vulnerability to heroin addiction from family, one’s family can also be an environmental influence. People who grew up in homes with family members who used heroin, and where heroin was readily available, are more likely to use heroin than are people who grew up in homes where there was no drug use. Other environmental factors can also increase the likelihood that a person will use heroin, such as a history of abuse, exposure to trauma, living in poverty, and having friends who use the drug.

Risk Factors:

Having poor coping skills
Being male
Experiencing a traumatic event, such as violence or abuse
Having a family history of mental illness or substance abuse
Living in poverty
Having a personal history of mental illness or substance abuse

Signs and Symptoms

Signs and Symptoms of Heroin Addiction

The signs and symptoms of heroin abuse can differ based on an individual’s personality and the length and severity of the abuse itself. However, the following are some common signs and symptoms of heroin abuse:

Behavioral symptoms:

Secretiveness or deception about one’s whereabouts
Lying or stealing
Always wearing long-sleeved shirts or pants to prevent others from noticing injection marks
Unexplained financial problems
Restlessness
Declining performance at work
Changes in one’s social circle

Physical symptoms:

Constricted pupils
Slurred speech
Nausea or vomiting
Dry mouth
Scabs or wounds at injection sites
Weight loss
Poor attention to hygiene
Extreme drowsiness

Cognitive symptoms:

Poor attention
Difficulty concentrating
Poor judgment or problem-solving
Disorientation or confusion
Paranoia
Difficulty thinking or expressing oneself clearly

Psychosocial symptoms:

Withdrawal from family and friends
Irritability
Anxiety
Mood swings
Loss of interest in activities one used to enjoy

Effects

Effects of Heroin Abuse

If left untreated, heroin abuse can lead to disastrous effects in nearly every area of a person’s life. Some of these effects may include:

Poor performance at work, possibly leading to job loss
Financial strife
Organ damage
Polysubstance use
Contracting an infection, such as HIV, from sharing needles
Relational stress
Divorce
Loss of child custody
Onset or worsening of symptoms of a mental health condition(s)
Legal problems or incarceration
Death

Co-Occurring Disorders

Heroin Addiction and Co-Occurring Disorders

Tragically, it is not uncommon for people who struggle with heroin abuse to also meet criteria for other mental health diagnoses, some of which may include:

Bipolar disorder
Anxiety disorders
Depressive disorders
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Other substance use disorders

Withdrawal & Overdose

Effects of Withdrawal and Overdose

Effects of heroin withdrawal: After a period of using heroin, a person’s body becomes accustomed to the presence of the drug. If that person then suddenly stops using the drug, his or her body must readjust to functioning without it. This readjustment process is known as withdrawal. The intensity of the withdrawal process is one reason why many people have such difficulty quitting heroin without help. Withdrawal from heroin can include the following symptoms:

Sweating
Nausea
Vomiting
Cramping and muscle pain
Tremors, spasms, or shaking
Diarrhea
Dangerous fluctuations in body temperature
Agitation
Irritability
Intense cravings for heroin

Effects of heroin overdose: Should a person ingest more heroin than his or her body can metabolize, he or she will experience an overdose, an ever-present risk for people who use the drug. Someone who exhibits the following symptoms of an overdose should receive medical attention immediately: